نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه روان شناسی دانشگاه گیلان

2 کارشناسی ارشد روان شناسی عمومی دانشگاه گیلان

3 استادیار گروه روان شناسی دانشگاه گیلان

4 استادیار گروه علوم تربیتی و مشاوره دانشگاه گیلان

چکیده

پیشنهاد شده است که فعالیت بدنی اثرات حفاظتی در برابر رشد بیماری‌های روانی، بویژه در سالمندان دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل خوشه‌ای اثرات فعالیت بدنی براضطراب مرگ و معنای زندگی درجامعه سالمندان استان تهران انجام شد. طرح پژوهش از نوع تحلیلی و مقایسه‌های گروهی بود که به صورت مقطعی انجام گرفت. در این پژوهش 400نفر از سالمندان 60 ساله و بالاتر مراجعه‌کننده به کانون‌های بازنشستگان و خانه‌های کارگر شهر تهران به شیوه‌ی نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند و پرسشنامه فعالیت بدنی بک (1982)، مقیاس اضطراب مرگ تمپلر (1970)، پرسشنامه معنای زندگی استیگر (2006) را تکمیل نمودند. سپس داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS-20 وشاخص‌های آمار توصیفی تحلیل شدند. علاوه بر آن با تحلیل خوشه‌ای دو مرحله‌ای، تعداد خوشه‌های بهینه شناسایی و ویژگی هر کدام از خوشه‌ها مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج تحلیل خوشه‌ای آشکار ساخت، رابطه مستقیمی بین جستجو و وجود معنا در زندگی با اضطراب مرگ وجود دارد. خوشه‌‌ی دارای بیشترین فعالیت بدنی، کمترین سطح میانگین اضطراب مرگ را داراست. همچنین اگر سطح فعالیت بدنی از حد متوسط بیشتر باشد، میانگین اضطراب مرگ به پایین‌ترین سطح کاهش خواهد یافت. این مطالعه نقش مطلوب فعالیت بدنی در دوران سالمندی را برجسته ساخت؛ به‌ویژه مشخص شد سطوح بالای فعالیت بدنی از سالمندان در برابر اضطراب مرگ محافظت می‌نماید. یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌تواند برای سیاست‌گزاران ورزش همگانی به‌ویژه برای اقشار کهنسال جالب توجه باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

  1. Abolmaali, Kh., Ghodarzi, M. (2016).  Explaining the Meaning of Life According to God Images and Death Anxiety Inunder Graduate Students of IslamicAzad University Roudehen Branch. Biannual Journal Educational Science from Islamic Point of View, 2(3), 5-24. (persian)
  2. Aghababaei, N., Sohrabi, F., Eskandari, H., Borjali, A., Farrokhi, N. Constructing a Causal Model of Subjective Well-Being by Religious Orientation Through Hope, Death Anxiety, and Meaning in Life as Mediators. Quarterly Journal of Islamic Psychology, 2 (1). 32-60. (persian)
  3. Akaike, H. (1992). Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In Breakthroughs in statistics (pp. 610-624). Springer, New York, NY.
  4. Alavi, S., Ahmadi, M-A., Zar, A. (2016). Evaluate the Effectiveness of Sport on Job Burnout, General Health and Life Expectancy in Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Staff. Community Health, 3(4), 156-65. (persian)
  5. Alipour, F., Sajadi, H., Foruzan, A., Biglarian, A., & Jalilian, A. (2008). Elderly quality of life in Tehran's district two. Sālmand3(3), 75-83. (persian)
  6. Almostadi, D (2012). The Relationship between Death Depression and Death Anxiety among Cancer Patients in Saudi Arabia. Master of Science thesis, University of South Florida, College of Nursing.
  7. Amini, A., Razavi, V. (2015). The Relationship of Social Support with Hope and Death Anxiety among Elderly of Tehran Omid Cultural center. Quarterly Journal of Information. Research, 9, 17-21. (persian) Available from: http://noandish.behzisti.ir/ImageGallery/FCKUploadedImages/file/OStanTehran/noandish/maghalat-bahar94/12.pdf.
  8. Anderson, E., &   Shivakumar, G (2013). Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity on Anxiety. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4,27: 1-4.DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00027. 
  9. Anvar, M (2014). Assessing Death Anxiety and its Correlates Among Severe Medically Ill in- Patients.Shiraz E-Medical Journal.13(3), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233990103.
  10. Assari, s., & Moghani Lankarani1, M (2016). Race and Gender Differences in Correlates of Death Anxiety among Elderly in the United States. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci, 10(2):1-7.
  11. Baecke, J. A., Burema, J., & Frijters, J. E. (1982). A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 36(5), 936-942.
  12. Bahrami, N., Moradi, M., Soleimani, M. A., Kalantari, Z., & Hosseini, F. (2013). Death anxiety and its relationship with quality of life in women with cancer. Iran Journal of Nursing26(82), 51-61. (persian)
  13. Bairami, M. Mohammad Panah Ardakan, A., Faroughi, P., Ghanei, M. (2015). Prediction of Death Anxiety Based on Spiritual Intelligence of Students in Ardakan University and Seminary. Culture in The Islamic University, 5(1), 21-36. (persian)
  14. Bastani, F., Farnood, F., Haqhani, H (2016). Evaluation of Death Anxiety in Elderly Patients with Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy. Journal of Client-Centered Nursing Care, 2(3): 153-160.
  15. Corey, G. (2009). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: The Thomson Corporation.
  16. Everitt, B. S., Landau, S., and Leese, M. (2001). Cluster analysis. Arnold, London, forth edition.
  17. Fredricks, R (2018). How Exercise Can Reduce Anxiety. 13 july 2018. https://www.jhccc.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=53216.
  18. Ghorbanalipur, M., Esmaeili, A. (2012). Determining the Efficacy of Logo Therapy in Death Anxiety among the Older Adults. Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 9(3), 53-68. (persian)
  19. Ghorbani, E., Sadatmand, S., Sepehrian Azar, F., Asadnia, S., & Feyzipour, H. (2013). Surveying the relationship between hope, death, anxiety with mental health on students of Urmia university. Urmia Medical Journal24(8), 607-616. (persian)
  20. Gilham, G., & Mulenga, C (2013). The relationship between hope optimism physical activity and involuntary absenteeism. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Southern African Institute of Management Scientists. ISBN: 978-0-620-71797-7.
  21. Gonen, G., Kaymak , S.U.,  Cankurtaran , E.S.,  Karslioglu , E.H., Ozalp, E., &  Soygur, H   (2012).The Factors Contributing to Death Anxiety in Cancer Patients. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 30(3): 347-358.
  22. Governorate of Tehran Province, (July 18, 2017). The elderly population of Tehran province [News]. (persian)  Retrieved July 21, 2018 from: http://tehran.ostan-th.ir/News/3352/
  23. Hajiazizi AH, Bahmani B, Mahdi N, Manzari Tavakoli V, Barshan A. (2017). Effectiveness of Group Logotherapy on Death Anxiety and Life Expectancy of the Elderly Living in Boarding Houses in Kerman. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 12(2):220-231.
  24. Iverach, L., Menzies, R., Menzies, R. E (2014). Death anxiety and its role in psychopathology: Reviewing the status of a transdiagnostic construct. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(7): 580-593.
  25. Khanlarzade, F., Rezaei, B., Ghasemi, M., Aheste, H (2016). Death Anxiety and Meaning of Life in the Three Groups of Nurses: Obstetrics and Gynecology and CCU Nurses and Housewives. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2):18-22.
  26. Khezri, L., Bahreyni, M., Ravanipour, M., & Mirzaee, K. (2015). The Relationship between spiritual wellbeing and depression or death anxiety in cancer patients in Bushehr. Nursing of the Vulnerables2(2), 15-28. (persian)
  27. Krause N, Pargament KI.,& Ironson G (2016). In the Shadow of Death: Religious Hope as a Moderator of the Effects of Age on Death Anxiety. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci.Apr 10. pii: gbw039. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbw039.
  28. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement30(3), 607-610.
  29. Latha KS., Sahana M., Mariella D., Subbannayya K., & Asha K (2013). Factors Related to Life satisfaction, Meaning of life, Religiosity and Death Anxiety in Health Care Staff and Students: A Cross Sectional Study from India.Online J Health Allied Scs. 12(2):1-7.
  30. Lawton, E., Brymer, E., Clough, P., & Denovan, A (2017). The Relationship between the Physical Activity Environment, Nature Relatedness, Anxiety, and the Psychological Well-being Benefits of Regular Exercisers. Frontiers in Psychology,8:1-11, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01058.
  31. Liamas-Velasco, S., Villarejo-Galende, A., Contador, I., Pablos, D.L., Hernández-Gallego, J., & Bermejo-Pareja, F (2016). Physical activity and long-term mortality risk in older adults: A prospective population based study (NEDICES). Prev Med Rep. 4: 546–550. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.10.002
  32. McPhee, J. S., French, D.P., Jackson, D., Nazroo, J., Pendleton, N., & Degens, H (2016). Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty. Biogerontology. 17: 567–580, DOI:  10.1007/s10522-016-9641-0.
  33. Mesrabadi, J., Jafariyan, S., & Ostovar, N. (2013). Discriminative and construct validity of meaning in life questionnaire for Iranian students. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences7(1), 83-90. (persian)
  34. Mi Rye Suh, R.N., Hyuk Jung, H., Kim, S.B., Park, J.S., & Yang, W.S (2002). Effects of regular exercise on anxiety, depression, and quality of life in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Renal Failure, 24(3): 337-345.
  35. Moetamedi, A., Pajouhinia, S., & Fatemi Ardestani, M. H. (2015). The impact of spiritual wellbeing and resiliency in predicting death anxiety among elderly people in Tehran. Shefaye Khatam3(2), 19-26. (persian)
  36. Naderi, F., & Roushani, K. H. (2011). The relations between spiritual intelligence, social intelligence and death anxiety in Ahwaz WomanSeniles. Journal of Wouman and Culture, 6(2), 55-67. (persian)
  37. Nazari, A., & Zarghami, S. (2009). Existential psychotherapy, individual and group therapy. First Printing, Tehran: Pazineh Publications. (persian)
  38. Orbach, A. (2003). Counselling older adults. Translation by Anahita Khodabakhshi (2008), Second Edition, Tehran, Forest Publishing. (persian)
  39. Park, N., Park, M., & Peterson, C. (2010). When is the search for meaning related to life satisfaction? Applied Psychology: Health and WellBeing, 2(1), 1-13.
  40. Puciato, D., Borysiuk, Z., & Rozpara, M (2017).  Quality of life and physical activity in an older working-age population. Clin Interv, 12: 1627–1634. DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S144045. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5634394/
  41. Rajabi, G. R., & Bohrani, M. (2002). Item factor analysis of the death anxiety scale. Journal of Psychology, 5 (4), 331-344. (persian)
  42. Rejeski, W. J.,   Mihalko, S. L (2001). Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 56(l_2): 23–35.
  43. Salimi, H., Kermanshahi, F., Haji Alizadeh, K., & Mehralitabr Firozjaie, A (2017). The Relationship between Death Anxiety and Spirituality Constructs with General Health among Nursing and Midwifery Students. Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics. 4(2):2-8.
  44. Samadifard, H., & Narimani, M. (2017). Prediction of Death Anxiety of Elderly Based on Mindfulness and Irrational Beliefs. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 5(3), 15-21. (persian)
  45. Sanaei, M., Zardoshtian, Sh., Norouzi, R. (2014). The Effect of Physical Activity on Quality of Life and Life Expectancy in the Elderly Fars Province. Journal of Sport Management Studies, 5(17):137-57. (Persian)
  46. Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The annals of statistics6(2), 461-464.
  47. Sertel, M., Arslan, S., Kurtoğlu, F., & Yıldırım, T.S (2017). Physical activity, depression and quality of life in aging process. Biomedical Research, 28 (9), http://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/physical-activity-depression-and-quality-of-life-in-aging-process.html.
  48. Shafaii, M., Payami, M., Amini, K., & Pahlevan, S. (2017). The relationship between death anxiety and quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Hayat22(4), 325-338. (persian)
  49. Shafi Abadi, Abdullah. (2012). Career counseling and vocational guidance and career choice theory. Tehran: Roshd publication. (persian)
  50. Shiekhy, S., Maroei Millan, F., Basharpour, S., & Issazadegan, A. (2013). The relationship between death obsession and death anxiety, with hope among the nursing students of Urmia medical sciences university. The Journal of Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty11(6), 410-418. (persian)
  51. So-Kum Tang , C., Anise M.S. Wu.,  Elsie C., & Yan,w (2010). Psychosocial correlates of death anxiety among Chinese college students. Death Studies, 26(6): 491-499.
  52. Soltani, F. Hosseini, F., Arab, M. (2016). Relationship of daily spiritual experiences with life expectancy and death anxiety in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Iranian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing5(2), 6-13.
  53. Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of counseling psychology53(1), 80-93.
  54. Sun, F., Norman, I., & Alison, E.W (2013). Physical activity in older people: a systematicReview, BMC Public Health, 13:449-466. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/449.
  55. Szuhany, K.L., Smits, J. A.J., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Otto, M. W (2014). Exercise for Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Review of Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Barriers. Oxford Handbooks Online, DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.20.
  56. Taghiabadi, M., Kavosi, A., Mirhafez, S.R., Keshvari, M., & Mehrabi, T (2017). The association between death anxiety with spiritual experiences and life satisfaction in elderly people.Electronic Physician, 9(30: 3980-3985.
  57. Tang PL.,& Chiou C.P.,& Lin H.S.,& Wang, C.,& Liand S,L. (2011). Correlates of death anxiety among Taiwanese cancer patients. Cancer Nurs. 34(4):286-92.
  58. Taylor, D (2013). Physical activity is medicine for older adults. Postgrad Med J, 90(1):26–32.
  59. Templer, D. I. (1970). The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. The Journal of general psychology82(2), 165-177.
  60. Thorson, j., & Powell, F.C (1993).  Personality, death anxiety, and gender. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 3(6): 589-590.
  61. Tokarski, Walter (2004). Sport of the eldery, kinesiology, 36(1): 98-103.
  62. Trajkov, M., Eminović, F., Radovanović, S., Dopsaj, M., Pavlović, D., & Kljajić, D (2018). Quality of life and depression in elderly persons engaged in physical activities. Vojnosanit Pregl, 75(2): 177–184.
  63. Wen, Y- H (2010). Religiosity and Death Anxiety. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning Vol. 6, Num. 2:31-37.
  64. WHO (2018). Physical Activity and Older Adults. 13 july 2018, http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_olderadults/en/.
  65. Win, S., Parakh, K., Eze-Nliam, C.M., Gottdiener, J.S., Kop, WJ., & Ziegelstein, RC (2011).  Depressive symptoms, physical inactivity and risk of cardiovascular mortality in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Heart. 97(6): 500–505.   
  66. Wong, P. T. P., & Tomer, A (2011). Beyond Terror and Denial: The Positive Psychology of Death Acceptance, Death Studies, 35:2, 99-106.

Wu, A. M. S., & Tang, C. (2005). Underlying factors of death anxiety construct and theircorrelates among Chinese community adults. Paper submitted to Asia-Pacific Conference on Trauma Psychology, Hong Kong, China.