Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Regarding the importance and role of warm up, nowadays, coaches apply various methods to improve the performance of their athletes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of three different warm up the protocols (massage, dynamic stretching, proprioception) on selected physical fitness factors in men’s volleyball players. Thirty-one volleyball players (Mean±SD: age 21.2±1.7 yr, weight 72.1±8.9 kg, and height 180.5±5.0 cm), were randomly divided into 4 groups: massage, dynamic stretching, proprioception and control groups. In the first session, following by five minutes of slow running, selected fitness tests (Anaerobic power, agility and flexibility tests) were measured. In the second session, experimental groups (after 15 minutes of specialized warm ups) and control group were performed the selected physical fitness tests. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test with a significant level p

Keywords

1. Bazett- Jones DM, Winchester JB, McBride JM. Effect of potentiation and stretching on maximal force, rate of force development, and range of motion. J Strength Cond res. 2005; 19(2):421- 26.
2. مصطفی لو علی، چورلی علی، روحانی هادی. مقایسه سه روش ماساژ، کشش ایستا و ترکیب ماساژ با کشش ایستای اندام تحتانی بر عملکردهای آزمونهای انعطاف پذیری، توان بی هوازی و چابکی فوتبالیست های باشگاهی. مجله پزشکی هرمزگان.1391؛ 3: 211-203.
3. ثاقب جو مرضیه، ابوالحسنی محمد زاهد، بهاری فرد رضا، یعقوبی علی. آثار حاد پروتکل های مختلف کشش ایستا و پویا بر عملکرد آزمون توانی وینگیت. فصلنامه المپیک. 1392؛ 3 (63): 46-38.
4. Behm DG, Bambury A, Cahill F, Power K. Effect of acute static stretching on force balance, reaction time and movement time. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004; 36(8):1397-402.
5. Goodwin JE, Glaister M, Howatson G, Lockey RA, McInnes G. Effect of pre-performance lower-limb massage on thirty-meter sprint running. J Strength Cond Res. 2007; 21(4):1028-31.
6. Jaggers JR, Swank AM, Frost KL, Lee CD. The acute effects of dynamic and ballistic stretchingon vertical jump height, force, and power. J Strength Cond Res. 2008; 22(6): 1844-9.
7. Torres EM, Kraemer WJ, Vingren JL, Volek JS, Hatfield DL, Spiering BA, et al. Effects of stretching on upper-body muscular performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2008. 22(4):1279-85.
8. Goats GC. Massage- the scientific basis of an ancient art: Part 1. The techniques. Br J Sports Med. 1994; 28(3):149–52.
9. McKechnie GJ, Young WB, Behm DG. Acute effects of two massage techniques on ankle joint flexibility and power of the plantar flexors. J Sports Sci Med. 2007; 6(4):498-504.
10. Behm DG, Chaouachi A. A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111(11):2633-51.
11. Murphy JC. Effect of acute dynamic and static stretching on maximal muscular power in a sample of college age recreational athletes. A thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Exercise Physiology, Pittsburgh University. 2008.
12. Leavey VJ, Sandrey MA, Dahmer G. Comparative effects of 6-week balance, gluteus medius strength, and combined programs on dynamic postural control. J Sport Rehabil. 2010; 19(3): 268–87.
13. McLeod T, Armstrong T, Miller M, Sauers J L. Balance improvements in female high school basketball players after a 6-week neuromuscular-training program. J Sport Rehab. 2009; 18: 465–81.
14. Pasanen K, Parkkari J, Pasanen M, Kannus P. Effect of a neuromuscular warm-up programme on muscle power balance, speed and agility: a randomised controlled study. Br J Sports Med.2009; 43(13): 1073-8.
15. Panics G, Tallay A, pavlik A, Berkes I. Effect of proprioception training on knee joint position sense in female team handball players. Br J sport Med. 2008; 42(6); 472-6.
16. Malousaris GG, Bergeles NK, Barzouka KG, Bayios IA, Nassis GP, Koskolou MD. Somatotype, size and body composition of competitive female volleyball players. J Sci Med Sport. 2008; 11(3): 337-44.
17. گائینی عباسعلی، علیزاده محمدحسین، قراخانلو رضا، کردی محمدرضا، واعظ موسوی محمدکاظم، کاشف مجید. آزمون های سنجش آمادگی جسمانی، مهارتی و روانی ورزشکاران نخبه رشته های مختلف ورزشی. تهران: کمیته ملی المپیک جمهوری اسلامی ایران؛ 1385. ص 240-235.
18. Yamaguehi T, Ishii K, Tamanaka M, Yasuda K. Acute effect of static stretching on power output during concentric dynamic constant external resistance leg extension. J Strength Cond Res. 2006; 20(4): 804-10.
19. Daneshjoo A, Mokhtar AH, Rahnama N, Yusof ,A. The Effects of comprehensive warm-up programs on proprioception, static and dynamic balance on male soccer players. PLoS One. 2012; 7(12): 51568.
20. Daneshjoo A, Mokhtar AH, Rahnama N, Yusof A. Effects of the 11+ and harmoknee warm-up programs on physical performance measures in professional soccer players. J Sports Sci Med. 2013; 12(3):489-96.
21. Soligard T, Myklebust G, Steffen K, Holme I, Silvers H. Comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footballers, cluster randomised controlled trial. Br Med J. 2008; 337:a2469.
22. Mirbagheri MM, Barbeau H, Kearney RE. Intrinsic and reflex contribution to human ankle stiffness: variation with activation level and position. Exp Brain Res. 2000; 135(4):423-36.
23. Fradkin AJ, Zazryn TR, Smoliga JM. Effects of warming-up on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(1):140-8.
24. Curry BS, Chengkalath D, Crouch GJ, Romance M, Manns PJ. Acute effects of dynamic stretching, static stretching, and light aerobic activity on muscular performance in women. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(6):1811-9.
25. زارع کاریزک سارا، نوروزیان منیژه، رجبی حمید، عطایی جلیل، طهرانی تهمینه. مقایسه اثر کشش ایستا، پویا، و ترکیبی با وقفه های زمانی 2 و 5 دقیقه بر اجرا و فعالیت الکترومایوگرافی در پرش عمودی. فصلنامه المپیک.1391؛2 (58): 35-25.
26. Hough PA, Ross EZ, Howatson G. Effect of dynamic and static stretehing on vertical jump performance and electromyographic activity. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(2): 507.
27. Faigenbaum AD, Bellucci M, Bernieri A, Bakker B, Hoorens K. Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on fitness performance in children. J Strength Cond Res. 2005; 19(2): 376–81.
28. Manoel ME, Harris-Love MO, Danoff JV, Miller TA. Acute effects of static, dynamic, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on muscle power in women. J Strength Cond Res. 2008; 22(5):1528-34.
29. Shields RK, Madhavan S, Cole KR, Brostad JD, Demeulenaere JL, Eggers CD, et al. Proprioceptive coordination of movement sequences in humans. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005; 116(1):87-92.
30. هوانلو فریبرز، ذبیحی فریدون، رجبی حمید، دامن پاک سمانه. تأثیر سه نوع برنامه گرم‌کردن با حرکات پویا، کشش پویا و ماساژ بر میزان توان انفجاری دوندگان مرد سرعتی نخبه. مجله فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی. 1389؛ 5: 362-351.
31. Fraser J, Kerr JR. Psychological effects of back massage on elderly institutionalized patients. J Adv Nurs. 1993; 18(2): 238-45.
32. Kaada B. Torsteinbo O.Increase of plasma beta-endorphin in connective tissue massage. Gen Pharmacol. 1989; 20(4): 487- 9.
33. Arabaci R. Acute effect of pre-event lower limb massage on explosive and high speed motor capacities and flexibility. J Sport Sci Med. 2008; 7(4): 549-55.
34. Mcmillian D J, Moore J H, Hatler B S, Taylor D C. Dynamic and static stretching warm up: The Effect on power and Agility performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2006; 20(3): 492-99.
35. Fattahi-Bafghi A, Amiri-Khorasani M. Effects of static and dynamic stretching during warm-up on vertical jump in soccer players. Int J Sport Studies. 2012; 2(10): 484-88.
36. Haddad M, Dridi A, Chtara M, Chaouachi A, Wong del P, Behm D, et al. Static stretching can impair explosive performance for at least 24 hours. J Strength Cond Res. 2014; 28(1): 140-6.
37. Paradisis GP, Pappas PT, Theodorou AS, Zacharogiannis EG, Skordilis EK, Smirniotou AS. Effects of static and dynamic stretching on sprint and jump performance in boys and girls. J Strength Cond Res.2014; 28(1): 154-60.
38. Fletcher IM. The effect of different dynamic stretch velocities on jump performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010; 109(3): 491–8.
39. Taichi Y, Kojiro I. An optimal protocol for dynamic stretching to improve explosive performance. J Phys Fitness Sports Med. 2014; 3(1): 121-29.
40. Ryan ED, Everett KL, Smith DB, Pollner C, Thompson BJ, Sobolewski EJ, et al. Acute effects of different volumes of dynamic stretching on vertical jump performance, flexibility and muscular endurance. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2014; 34(6): 485-92.